Bureaucracy in Indonesia as it was
originally introduced by European culture from colonial times such as the
past cultuurstelsel , future decentralization and emancipation ,
future central government (centraal bestuur) , period Binnenlands
Bestuur andambtskostuum Binnenlands bestuur , the
occupation by Japanese troops and then period where after the proclamation of
independence , August 17 , 1945 rule Indonesia through Kasman
Singodimedjo chairman KNIP on September 25 , 1945 announced
that the president of Indonesia decided for the whole former
government officials from all levels of hierarchy and established a government
employee Indonesia
Bureaucracy in Western
culture
Example diagram of
public administration
Bureaucracy ( English : bureaucracy ~ reauc · bu · ra ·
cy ~ bjʊərɒkrəs) ( in French :bureaucratie ) is of bureau + cratie or
system of government management structure or administration of the country or
organization in accordance with the needs or desires of complex characterized
by authority Hierarchical among many offices with fixed procedures
Theories in the bureaucracy
Max Weber , a German sociologist wrote a rationale
that describes the bureaucratic form as the ideal way to set
governmental organizations through the principles of bureaucratic forms, among
others, there must be a formal hierarchical structure at every
level and under control and are controlled in a formal hierarchy above basis of
central planning and decision-making, management with clear rules the
control through rules that allow that decisions made at the top level will be implemented
consistently by all levels
below it, the organization with which functionally specialized work
to be carried out by those who actually an expert then organized into units
based on the type of work that will be done based on expertise, has a
mission to be the intended targets or while held in an effort to be
objective in order to serve the interests of the organization that will be
empowered included in the mission to serve the organization itself must through
calculations on goal achievement, the impersonal treatment that
treats all his executor and interests are treated equally the same and should
not be influenced by individual differences, work based on technical
qualifications for an executive protection in order to avoid the
arbitrary dismissal while performing their duties. However, according
to Cyril Northcote Parkinson a naval historian
of England who wrote thatWeber is less realized that management
and professional staff will tend to grow at a rate that does not follow the predicted
by the line organization while David Osborne and Ted
Gaebler suggest that bureaucracy should be changed to bureaucracy more
attention to community participation, the team work and co-workers control
(peer group) and the boss is no longer the domination or
control .Here's a summary of the theories of bureaucracy
The role of bureaucracy
in the colonial period
Colonial powers have an interest in the Indonesian
archipelago how to control the entire region by considering the distance, the
area between the mainland and a very big country so as not to complicate the
exploration of resources, apart from the need for passive participation, active
participation of bumiputera is needed, collaboration in this course with the
active participation should not be sacrificing power and influence of
colonialism.
Centrally controlled colonial government
in Batavia (now Jakarta) administration as a whole and act on behalf
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (with the rank of minister-level
colony) commonly known as the governor-general, assisted by the Dutch East
Indies board (raad van Nederlands-Indië), general secretariat (Algemene
Secretarie), general administration department (departementen van Algemeen
bestuur) and local government (het Binnenlands bestuur} with European
bureaucracy limited the scope of work for Europeans while for bumiputera always
under the direct guidance of the local government Inlandsche
Bestuur (pangreh civil ) which covers a large part of the territory
formerly called the Dutch East Indies , self-rule as
kings, princes with through a political agreement with the colonial government,
but there are also areas in which the government directly controlled the
colonial bureaucracy helped shape alongside the local government bureaucracy as
seen the administrative rule on the island of Java and Madura
circa 1829 was introduced along with the concept of European
bureaucracy, especially in the export commodity plugs. policy cultuurstelsel gradually
changed so the private sector began to appear among other agricultural and industrial
workers with the arrival of European settlers in the area of plantation ,
commercial trade and industry along with the political culture of the time it
began to take growing nationalist movement in Indonesia .
In 1905 the government began to take shape
though with limited powers and remain under the leadership of European local
authorities continue in 1916 also formed government big cities with
its own government with a mayor is not a part of European local authorities,
in1918 the council began there were people who shaped representative
bodies of the various groups represented in this council. resumed
in 1925 the area was divided into several new administrative level,
the province on the island of Java and Madura and governments outside the
region (the islands outside Java and Madura). In addition, on the main
island of Java and Madura to the original more independent local government
with the transfer function.
Early independence
On May 30, 1948 through Government
Regulation No. 11 of 1948, the government of Indonesia ,
located in Jogjakarta newly establishedOffice Employees (CTP)
while the government RIS domiciled in Jakarta to staffing
problems created by Decree of the Lieutenant Governor-General of the
Dutch East Indies No. 10 dated February 20, in
1946 with the name of the Office of Public Affairs Employees(KUUP)
under the department of social affairs, but the decision Lieutenant
Governor-General in the Dutch East Indies No. 13 of 1948overturned the
decision earlier and forming Djawatan Public Affairs Employees (DUUP)
is directly under the Governor-General, theOffice of Employee Affairs (CTP)
and Djawatan Public Affairs Employees (DUUP) each carry their
own activities until there is a duality in the bureaucracy in Indonesia, then
because of the recognition of the sovereignty of Indonesia on
December 27, 1949 throughGovernment Regulation No. 32 of 1950 established
the Office employees (CTP) to unify Office Employees (CTP)
and Djawatan Public Affairs Employees (DUUP) and under and
bertanggugjawab to the prime minister but because the political
atmosphere of the time, the Office of Employee Affairs (CTP) which
will organize the bureaucracy can not function duly followed on August
17 1950 , a change
ofconstitution RIS transformed into Provisional Constitution of
1950 which resulted in a change in the form of unitary state back to the
state. Year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-three 1953 TR Smith helped
prepare a report for the State Bureau of designer titledPublic
Administration Training , a year later two professors
from Cornell University, School of Business and Public AdministrationAmerican who was invited to Indonesia ,
namely Edward H. Lichtfeld and Alan C. Rankin who
managed to compile a recommendation report entitled Training for
Administration in Indonesia . At the time of
cabinet Sastroamidjojo II ( March
20, 1956 - April 9, 1957 ) through the Government
Regulation No. 30 of 1957 established the State Committee to
investigate Ministries Organization or theOrganization of the
Ministry Committee (PANOK) as a replacement for Office
Employees (CTP) and follow established Institutions State
Administration (LAN) which is tasked improve state
administration or bureaucracy both under and responsible to
the prime minister .
At the date of July 5, 1959 ,
issued a presidential decree that states re-enactment of the
1945 Constitution and the President throughPresidential Decree No. 2 of
1959 forbade civil servants to be members of the class
F political party then in 1961 the issuance of Law
No. 18 Year 1961 on Basic Provisions of Civil Service and
established State Personnel Administration Agency (BAKN)
followed by a new agency called the Committee Retooling State
Apparatus (PARAN) which produces Presidential Regulation
No. 5 of 1962 on the organization of the main points of the highest
levels of state government officials, two years later issued Presidential
Decree No. 98 of 1964 established the Command Retooling
highest Apparatus Revolution (KONTRAR) is a continuation of Retooling
Administrative Committee (PARAN) , retooling or "cleansing"
in the past two kepanitian over the removal of a political bureaucrat who was
unpopular with the ruling party (the ruling party) or are considered
not in line with the policy of republican government .
Bureaucracy in the
development
In its development, the organization of the bureaucracy
began tinged with uncertainty due to the role of political parties competing
with the very dominant, political parties began building block power
through strategic ministerial posts in the government as a resource continuity
political party, the recruitment program bureaucracy involved experienced spoil
system are rampant ranging from recruitment, placement, promotion and
other employment instruments not based assessment criteria but based on
political considerations, class and other elements outside the bureaucratic
tasks.
In 1966 the beginning of the Suharto bedasarkan MPRS
No. XIII/MPRS/1966 about Ampera Cabinet appointed as president and
chairman of the presidium of the Ampera Cabinet through the Cabinet
Presidium Decision No. 266 of 1967 Ampera back to form a committee
organizing the bureaucracy as a maid presidium became known as Team
Assistant Apparatus and President for Administration, or shortened
to PAAP team consisting of eleven people with Manpower
Minister was accompanied by the director as
chairman LANsebagai as secretary and assisted by five expert advisors
who propose a new unit called the
Secretariat-General ,Directorate-General and
the Inspectorate is reflected in the decision of the Cabinet
Presidium No. 75/U/KEP/11/1966 part in the reorganization of the
ministry of state bureaucracy through Presidential Decree No. 44 and 45
of 1966 was the conversion of the classification of civil
servants from class A to F to Class I through IV.
Subsequently in 1968 re-established the
Coordinating Committee for Administrative Efficiency and Economy State Government
apparatus is also referred to as Project 13, followed
by Presidential Decree No. 16 of 1968 which was later refined
by Presidential Decree No. 199 of 1968 , Project 13 was
later renamed Sector Improvement and Control State Administration ,
better known by the name of Sector P 'with members consisting of the Institute
of Public Administration ( LAN ), State Personnel
Administration Agency (BAKN ), National Development
Planning Agency ( Bappenas ), the Secretariat of State,
Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Labour and Transmigration Ministry and
Cooperatives. chaired by Awaloeddin Djamin who served
as Minister of Labour in order to complete the task of
administration.
When Suharto first set I Development Cabinet
with Presidential Decree No. 19 of 1968 , the ministry
established a new nomenclature ieMinistry of State for Administrative
Improvement and Cleaning tasked, among others, continue cleaning the
bureaucracy of the elements of the so-called political party and
by Presidential Decree No. 82 1971 on November 29, 1971
established Indonesian Civil Servants Corps ( KORPRI ) as a single forum for the whole organization
of government employees Indonesia and the subsequent development
of PAAP Team and Project 13 eventually merged
into the Ministry of State for Administrative Improvement and Cleanupwhile the
Government Apparatus Sector (Sector P ) remain and function include
policymaking, planning, programming, coordinating, controlling, and research in
order to refine and clean up the state apparatus and the Ministry of
State for Administrative Cleanup Completion and led by the minister in
person concurrently a member of Sector N (Research and Development) and Q
sector (Law and Order) and the Presidential Decree No. 45 / M Year
1983 Ministry of State for Administrative Cleanup Completion and converted
back tothe Ministry of Administrative Reform which directly
minister in the ministry also doubles as the Vice Chairman of National
Development Planning Agency .
1995 through Presidential Decree No. 68 of 1995 dated
27 September 1995 the government announced five working days starting the
applied working days from Monday to Friday which became effective from October
1, 1995 as a result of the civil servant's career guidance system, zero growth
in employee civil servants ( PNS ) (Zero Growth) seta streamlined
organization.
After 1998, known as the reform movement then
through Government Regulation No. 5 of 1999 regarding the
existence of civil servants ( PNS ) as a member of a political party
and then converted through Government Regulation No. 12 of 1999 which
makes civil servants (PNS ) re-covered from the possibility to follow
acting as membership in any political party.
This diagram shows an
example of ministerial positions in the structure of public administration
The main article for
this section is: Indonesian Ministry
Since independence 63 years ago and after a long process,
finally Indonesia has a new ministry organizational arrangements as
stipulated in the laws of the state ministries.
The main article for
this section is: Corruption in Indonesia , KPK , and
theCorruption Perception Index
Rationalization of business organizations central
government has actually been started since
the Cabinet Wilopo ( April 3, 1952 - August
1 , 1953 ) aged only about fifteen months later passed by the cabinet Sastroamidjojo I
( August 1 , 1953 - August 12 , 1955 ) suffer the
same fate two years old who have programs such as government officials prepare
an efficient and rational distribution of power to seek redress employee living
standards and eradicate corruption in the bureaucracy with the establishment
of the State Committee to investigate Ministries Organization (PANOK)
who worked between 1952to 1954 .
In 2009, when referring to the report of the Political
and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) based in Hong Kong ,
Indonesia still shows poor numbers, especially in terms of bureaucratic
obstacles or red tape barriers
The main article for
this section are: Public Service Law and the Ombudsman of the
Republic of Indonesia
Face of an organization of state
bureaucracy Indonesia will be reflected in the results of the
products form the standard of service to the public or the community in order
to rationalize the bureaucracy will be able to realize the existence of clear
boundaries and relationships of rights, responsibilities, duties, and authority
of all parties associated with the public service, public service delivery
systems are appropriate and in accordance with the general principles of good
corporate governance and the fulfillment of the public service in accordance
with the arrangements in the legislation and protection and legal certainty for
the public in obtaining public service berasaskan on public interest and the
rule of law in addition to the balance of equality of rights and obligations
include professionalism, participation, equality of treatment /
non-discrimination, transparency, accountability, provision of facilities and
special treatment for vulnerable groups, punctuality, speed, ease and
affordability.
As a guarantor of the smooth implementation of public
service and is responsible for the leadership of state institutions, the
leadership of ministries, government agencies nonkementerian leaders, leaders
of institutions commissions or similar state, other institutional leaders,
governors at the provincial level with the obligation to report the results of
the development of the performance of public services to the President and
Board Representatives while the regents at the district level, the mayor at the
city level reported the results of the development of public service
performance of each to the parliament and the ministerial or provincial
legislature districts / cities and governors
The pendulum of power in Indonesia is
always rolling from time-to-time, moving between
the executive and parliament and the role of the armed
forces who also adds the power of the actors almost unchanged which rotates
between the political parties of the political party to another, at a certain
time the locus of power will be shifted to the executive government in which
political parties will be stronger and show supremacy katimbang other state
institutions thus the use of power will be focused and geared in one place,
another time period, the power is in the legislature, other political parties
which are in the legislature will play a central role in focusing the use of
power to make the government's stability can not be achieved, while the
professionalism of both the party and the executive legsilatif also not been
able to materialize, the political attraction of the locus and focus of the
exercise of power will always be alternated both parties.
While public interest has never felt the power of
representation in these cycles, representation through political parties are
supposed to represent the public interest as the only known him at the time-sat
when elections will be held and beyond mere public interest will be forgotten
again with particular ego and power elite mere political party leaders .
Progress in public administration will tend to
be instruments of power from the elite to make public kept in back in the
position of objects and while the interests of public accountability have very
low levels and are likely to say almost nothing at all will eventually be
an irony in the a state of democracy without
having accountability , which is supposed to be a democracy can
deliver public administration better as public administration
in several countries that have followed the democratic system is supposed to be
a great power that can be used to hold accountable public and should be
immediately implemented by the government and the public can also for example
by demanding tax money paid to the government in order to always be used in a
clear and useful to the public through public pressure, among others, fiscal
to public administration will be stronger, the public should be aware
of any use of the flow and utilization of public fiscal thus no longer be able
to tolerate all kinds of waste , inkomptensi and carelessness that
may be carried by personnel or public administration which means there is harm
to the public.
Effectiveness of various methods of enforcing public
accountability are factors that determine, among others, with a degree of
transparency that can be measured acceptance of the role of mass media in
providing information to the public include the budget, public accounting, and
audit reports. Beragai Without access to such information, the public will
not be fully aware of what has been done and never done for the public interest
and understanding of education civil rights granted to the citizens in order to
know their rights and obligations as well as its readiness to run.
Source :
http://www.eng-wikipedia.com.
